Study Questions in Anatomy Text

Chapter 1 page 29:

Critical thinking questions 2 and 4:

2.

4.
Review Exercises: Part A:2,4,6,7,11,13, and 14

2. Anatomy deals with the structures of body parts and Physiology considers the functions of these body parts.

4. movement- change in position of the body or of a body part. responsiveness- reaction to a change taking place inside ir ourtside the body. growth- increase in the body size without change in shape. reproduction- production of new organism and new cells. respiration- obtaining oxygen, using oxygen in releasing energy from foods, and removing carbon dioxide. digestion- breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used. absorption- passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids. circulation-movement of sunstances from place to place in body fluids. assimilation- changing of absored substances into chemically different forms. excretion- removal of wastes preduced by metabolic reactions.

6. water is the most abundant substance in the body. food refers to substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals {nutrients} in addition to water. oxygen is a gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air. heat is a form of energy. pressure is an application of force on an object or substance.

7.

11. homeostasis is the consequence of a self-regulating control system that operates by a mechanism called negative feedback.

13. the human organism can be divided into an axial portions, which includes the head, neckm and trunk, and an appendicular portion, which includes the upper and lower limbs.
14. ventral cavity- hollow place within the body including the thoracic, abdominal, and pekvic cavities. and dorsal cavity-a hollow space in the posterior portion of the body containing the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

Part B: 1 and 3

1. (a)stomach-abdominal cavity (b)heart-thoracic cavity (c)brain-dorsal cavity (d)liver-abdominal cavity (e)trachea (f)rectum (g) spinal cordventral cavity (h)esophagus-dorsal cavity (i)spleen- ventral cavity (j) urinary bladder-pelvic cavity

3.

Chapter 3 page 107-108

Critical Thinking 1

1. Osmosis

Review Exercises 2,3,12,13 and 14

2.

3. Cell membrane- the outermost limit of a cell, but it is more than a simple boundary surrounding the cellular contents.

12. (a)endoplasmic reticulum- a complex organelle composed of membrane-bound flattened sacs, elongated canals, and fluid-filled vesicles. (b)ribosome-composed of protein and RNA. (c) golgi apparatus- composed of a stack of half a dozen or so flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae. (d)mitchondria-contains a small of amount of DNA that encodes information for making a few kinds of proteins and specialized RNA. (e)lysosomes-"garbage disposal" of the cell, whose function os to dismantle debris. (f)peroxisomes- membranous sacs that resemble lysosomes in size and shape. (g)(h)flagella- enable sperm cells to move (i)centrosome-nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles (j)vesicle-membranous sacs (k-l) microfilaments and microtubes- thin rods and tubules

13.nucleus- cellualr organelle that is enclosed by a double-layered, porous membrane and contains DNA; the dense core of an atom that is composed of protons and neutrons.

14. facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that it can move molecules only from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration.

Chapter 5 page 167

Review Exercise 1,2 and 12

1. in all complex organisms, cells are organized into layers or groups called

2. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

12. Connective- Mostly have good blood supply, cells are farther apart than cells of epithelial, with matrix in between.

Organization of Human Body Worksheet!

1.Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy studies the structure that makes up the human body and Physiology studies the funtion of the structures that make up the human body.
2.Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell. cell, tissue, organ, system
3.In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what? study
4.What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior? Mucous
5.What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?
6.What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?
7.The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean? derm(skin)
8.The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?
9.Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function. Epithehial-covers the entire surface of the body. Connectives- supports and protects....ie bones, cartilage adipose(fat) Muscle specialized for contractions. Nerve-specialized for the conduction of neural impulse.
10.A cell is made of ____cytoplasm__ except for the nucleus which is made of _protoplasm_.
11.What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? fibrous
12.What is an organ system? interconnected parts that function together.
13.Name the five types of membranes and where each is located. Cutaneous (outer most layer) Mucous (all passageways that lead to the exterior of the body) Fibrous (all joint cavities {the shoulder, knee} also covers the outer surface of bones. Serous ( closed cavities and the organs that are in them)Fascia (superficial fasica and deep fascial)
14.What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?
15.The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of. Epidermis (outermost layer) and Dermis (corium) compose mainly of connective tissue and microscope organs.

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

root- adip english- fat ex- adipose
root- bio english- life ex- biopsy
root- capit english- head ex- decapitate
root-cephal english- head ex- cephaled
root-corp english- body ex- corpus
root-crani english- skull ex- cranium
root-dent english- tooth ex- dental
root-hist english- tissue ex- histology
root-later english- side ex- lateral
root-ocul english- eye ex- oculist
root-oste english- bone ex- osteoblast
root-phag english- eat ex- phagocyte
root-pleur english- side ex- pleura
root-quad english- four ex- quadriceps
root-stern english- chest ex-sternum
root-ab english- away from ex- abduct
root-ad english- toward ex- adrenal
root-angi english- vessel ex- angiograph
root-auto english- self ex- autograft
root-centiam english- hundred ex- centimeter
root-circum english- around ex- circumfle
root-dextro english- right ex- dextrad
root-epi english- upon ex- epigastic
root-ex english- out of ex-excision
root-inter english- ex-
root-non english- not ex- nonviable
root-otrtho english- straight ex- orthopedic
root-path english- disease ex- pathology
root-pseudo english- false ex- pseudopod
root-sinistro english- left ex- sinistrad
root-ade english-kill ex- abortcide
root-itis english-inflame ex- hepatitis
root- logy english- study of ex- histology
root- meter english- measure ex- pedometer
root- plasty english- formed ex- osteoplasty
root- scope english- examine ex- otoscope

Terms

1. Frontal plane- A plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions.
2. Sagittal plane-of the human body is an imaginary plane that travels from the top to the bottom of the body, dividing it into left and right portions
3. Transverse plane- of the human body is any imaginary slice made that cuts the body into top and bottom sections.
4. Medial- Pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body. Medial is as opposed to lateral
5. Superficial- nears the surface.
6. Superior- pertaining to a structure that is higher than another structure.
7. Inferior- situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of the part.
8. Anterior- pertaining to the front.
9. Posterior- toward the back; opposite of anterior.
10. distal- farther from the midline or origin; opposite of proximal.
11. Proximal- closer to the midline or origin; opposite of distal.
12. Flexion- bending at a joint to decrease the angle between bones.
13. Extension- movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint.
14. Pronation- movement of downward or backward.
15. Supine- position of the body, lying down with the face up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down.
Using terms defined in the anatomical position, the dorsal side is down, and the ventral side is up.
16. Abduction- movement of a body part away from the midline.
17. Adduction- is brings a limb – arm or leg- closer to the sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction.
18. Circumduction- movement of a body part, such as a limb, so that the end follows a circular path.
19. Inversion- movement in which the sole of the foot is turned inward.
20. Eversion- outward turning movement of the sole of the foot.
21. Elevation- upward movement of a part of the body.
22. Depression- downward displacement
23. Anatomical position- a body posture with the body erect, the face forward, the arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the toes pointing straight ahead,
24. Dorsal- Dorsal is an adjective, which means being at the back.
25. Ventral- pertaining to the front or anterior.
26. Interior- of something refers to the space or part inside of it, excluding any kind of wall or boundary around its outside. It has different, more specific definitions in different contexts.
27.exterior- outside: the region that is outside of something
28. Peripheral- pertaining to parts located near the surface or toward the outside.
29. Lateral- pertaining to the side

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