Pages 735 and 736Critical Thinking Questions:3
3. What effect is a before-dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Why are such beverages inadvisable for persons with ulcers?
Review Exercises: 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, and 25
1. List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal. stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2. List and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes., large intest., rectum
5. Define peristalsis. mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. para increases the activites of the digestive system, symapthetic are the opposite
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. enamel, crown, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva, alveolar, root canal, root, cementum
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. complex reflex that empties the stomach another way, irration or distension in the stomach or intestines can trigger it.
Pages 855 Review Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 16, 34, 36, 37, 40
1. Name the organs of the urinary system, and list their general functions. kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
3. List the functions of the kidneys. the main function of kidneys is to regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids.
9. Distinguish among filtration, re absorption, and secretion as they relate to urine formation. all work together to keep your body balanced
16. Define auto-regulation: ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow in spite of changing arterial blood pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. carries urine from kidney to bladder
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. kidney infection
37. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. stores urine until ready to be excreted
40. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male.
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
The Urinary System Worksheet
What are three functions of the kidneys? Filter all matter from the blood not just waste products. Selectively reabsorbed all substances that the body can make use of. Eliminates waste products in blood in the form of urine.
What is the protective layer around the kidney? peri- renal capsule
What is the outer layer of the kidney? cortex
What is the urine collection system of the kidney? medulla
What is the dilated end of the ureters called? pelvis
What is the function of the bladder? to store the urine
What transports urine in males? Females? urethra. the female urethra does not transport semen and thr lenght is 1.5- 2 ins.
Wednesday, April 9, 2008
The Digestive System Worksheet
1.What is the digestive tract? A long continuous tube with food first entering it at the mouth.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. (on sheet of paper)
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? The teeth and tongue begin the mechanical breakup of food and mix it with saliva.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? bolus
6.What triggers peristalsis? presence of the bolus in the esophagus triggers peristalsis.
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? Closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus
8.What is the mucous membrane? protective mucous coating which prevents digestion
9.How long is the small intestine? 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? small intestine
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?
13.Where is bile stored? gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? grabbing of a tube tightly at various places around the middle and squeezing so its contents are broken into smaller pieces
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? when the food builds up in the small intestin.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving body until you make it
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans?
18.Where does digestion begin? mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? the pancreas
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? enzymes:
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. (on sheet of paper)
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? The teeth and tongue begin the mechanical breakup of food and mix it with saliva.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? bolus
6.What triggers peristalsis? presence of the bolus in the esophagus triggers peristalsis.
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? Closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus
8.What is the mucous membrane? protective mucous coating which prevents digestion
9.How long is the small intestine? 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? small intestine
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?
13.Where is bile stored? gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? grabbing of a tube tightly at various places around the middle and squeezing so its contents are broken into smaller pieces
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? when the food builds up in the small intestin.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving body until you make it
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans?
18.Where does digestion begin? mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? the pancreas
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? enzymes:
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
Monday, April 7, 2008
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Questions in Text
Page 579 Critical Thinking Questions: 6
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythblastosis fetails? why or why not?
Review Exercises: 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 27, 38, and 39
3. Describe a red blood cell. a disc-shaped cell, lacking nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen-carry molecules hemoglobin.
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Red blood cell is made through bone marrow then is carried through the blood stream and travels through the organs then another sensor tells that more needs to be made.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin. absorbed from small intestine; conserved during red blood cell destruction and made available for reuse.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. they are not complete cells. they arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm--platelets-- into the circulation.
18. Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-desity Lipoprotein--- delivers cholesterol to various cells, including liver cells. High-density Lipoprptein--- transports to the liver remnants of chylomicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. damage to blood vessels, platelets release thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibinogen (soluble), and fibrin (insoluble)
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. because they have both blood types (im guessing)
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. they don't have neither A or B blood type.
Pages 647 and 648
Review Exercises: 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, and 36
2. Describe the pericardium. a covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart. the heart is divided into four hollow chambers, two on the left and two on the right. upper chambers are called atria and lower chambers are called ventricles. Valves are located between the right atrium and the right ventricles.ects.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heart. blood enters through atria and goes through the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries and goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium then last they go through the left ventricle.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. the sounds are due to vibrations in the heart tissue produced as the blood flow is suddenly speeded or slowed with the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers, with the opening and closing valves.
19. Describe the structure and function of capillary. Single layer of squamous epithelium. Function: provides a membrane through which nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways. they perform the function of blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body.
Page 818
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 5, 9, 16, 22, 23, 31, 35, and 36
1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system. enables cells to harness the energy held in the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. nose: provide openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity. nasal: a hollow space behind the nose, is divided medially into right and left portions by the nasal septum.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx. pharymx: located posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larymx. larymx: is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharymx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli. (a) right and left primary bronchi. (b) secondary, or lobar bronchi. (c) tertiary or segmental bronchi. (d) intralobular bronchioles. (e) terminal bronchioles. (f) respiratory bronchioles (g) alveolar ducts. (h) alveolar sacs (i) alveoli
16. Define surfactant, and explain it functions. is secreted continuously into alveolar air spaces. It reduces the alceoli's tendency to collaspe, especially when lung volumes are low, and makes it easier for inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each. coughing: deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis is opened, and a blastof air passes upward. Function- clears lower respiratory passages. sneezing: same as coughing, except air moving upward id directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula. Function- clears upper respiratory passages.
23.Explain the function of yawning. ventilates a larger proportion of the aveoli and aids oxygenation of the blood.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. breathing that is abnormally deep and prolonged.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood. oxygen combines with iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood. Increases temperature, increase carbon dioxide, and increases the release of oxygen as the ph blood decreases.
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythblastosis fetails? why or why not?
Review Exercises: 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 27, 38, and 39
3. Describe a red blood cell. a disc-shaped cell, lacking nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen-carry molecules hemoglobin.
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Red blood cell is made through bone marrow then is carried through the blood stream and travels through the organs then another sensor tells that more needs to be made.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin. absorbed from small intestine; conserved during red blood cell destruction and made available for reuse.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. they are not complete cells. they arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm--platelets-- into the circulation.
18. Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-desity Lipoprotein--- delivers cholesterol to various cells, including liver cells. High-density Lipoprptein--- transports to the liver remnants of chylomicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. damage to blood vessels, platelets release thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibinogen (soluble), and fibrin (insoluble)
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. because they have both blood types (im guessing)
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. they don't have neither A or B blood type.
Pages 647 and 648
Review Exercises: 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, and 36
2. Describe the pericardium. a covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart. the heart is divided into four hollow chambers, two on the left and two on the right. upper chambers are called atria and lower chambers are called ventricles. Valves are located between the right atrium and the right ventricles.ects.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heart. blood enters through atria and goes through the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries and goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium then last they go through the left ventricle.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. the sounds are due to vibrations in the heart tissue produced as the blood flow is suddenly speeded or slowed with the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers, with the opening and closing valves.
19. Describe the structure and function of capillary. Single layer of squamous epithelium. Function: provides a membrane through which nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways. they perform the function of blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body.
Page 818
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 5, 9, 16, 22, 23, 31, 35, and 36
1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system. enables cells to harness the energy held in the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. nose: provide openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity. nasal: a hollow space behind the nose, is divided medially into right and left portions by the nasal septum.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx. pharymx: located posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larymx. larymx: is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharymx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli. (a) right and left primary bronchi. (b) secondary, or lobar bronchi. (c) tertiary or segmental bronchi. (d) intralobular bronchioles. (e) terminal bronchioles. (f) respiratory bronchioles (g) alveolar ducts. (h) alveolar sacs (i) alveoli
16. Define surfactant, and explain it functions. is secreted continuously into alveolar air spaces. It reduces the alceoli's tendency to collaspe, especially when lung volumes are low, and makes it easier for inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each. coughing: deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis is opened, and a blastof air passes upward. Function- clears lower respiratory passages. sneezing: same as coughing, except air moving upward id directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula. Function- clears upper respiratory passages.
23.Explain the function of yawning. ventilates a larger proportion of the aveoli and aids oxygenation of the blood.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. breathing that is abnormally deep and prolonged.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood. oxygen combines with iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood. Increases temperature, increase carbon dioxide, and increases the release of oxygen as the ph blood decreases.
Thursday, April 3, 2008
Basic Respiratory Worksheet
What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? nose and mouth.
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? warm the air and moisten the air.
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? the pharynx follows directly after the mouth and nose. the trachea is one of the two braches at the distal end of the pharynx.
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? it is located anterior to the esophagus and transport air just like the pharymx.
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? oxygen
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.
What is the main muscle of respiration? diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? when the diaphragm contracts we inhale, and when it relaxes we exhales.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs. (separate sheet of paper)
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? warm the air and moisten the air.
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? the pharynx follows directly after the mouth and nose. the trachea is one of the two braches at the distal end of the pharynx.
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? it is located anterior to the esophagus and transport air just like the pharymx.
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? oxygen
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.
What is the main muscle of respiration? diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? when the diaphragm contracts we inhale, and when it relaxes we exhales.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs. (separate sheet of paper)
Tuesday, April 1, 2008
The Heart Worksheet
All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? stable cellular environment
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? atria The lower cavities? ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? pulmonary veins The right atrium? superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? pulmonary artery
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? stable cellular environment
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? atria The lower cavities? ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? pulmonary veins The right atrium? superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? pulmonary artery
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