Reproductive System Graphic Organizer (10 points)

Reproductive System Vocabulary

1.corpus luteum- structure that forms from the tissues of a ruptured ovarioan follicle and seceretes female hormones.
2.epididymis- highly coiled tubule that leads from the seminiferous tubules of the testis to the vas deferens.
3.gonad- a sex cell-producing organ; an ovary or testis.
4.meiosis- a form of cell division that halves the genetic material, resulting in egg and sperm cells (gametes)
5.oocyte- an immature egg cell.
6.ovary- the primary reproductive organ of a female; an egg cell-producing organ.
7.placenta- structure attaching a fetus to the uterine wall, providing a conduit to receive nutrients and excrete wastes.
8.scrotum- a pouch of skin that encloses the testes.
9.seminiferous tubule- tubule within the testes where sperm cells form.
10.testis- primary reproductive organ of a male; a sperm cell-producing organ.
11.vulva- the external reproductive parts of the female that surround the openings of the vagina.
12.blastocyst- an early stage of prenatal development that consists of a hollow ball of cells.
13.embryo- a prenatal stage of development after germ layers form but before the rudiments of all organs are present.
14.fetus- a human embryo after eight weeks of development.
15.implantation- the embedding of a cleavage embryo in the lining of the uterus.
16.lactation- production of milk by the mammary glands.
17.umbilical cord- cordlike structure that connects the fetus to the placenta.
18.yolk sac- an extraembryonic membrane connected to the embryo by a long, narrow tube.
19.zygote- cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm; a fertilized egg cell.
20.ultrasound-

Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Worksheet

What is a hormone? chemicals which are produced in one part of the body and have an effect on another.
What system is responsible for the production of hormones? ovaries produce by glands
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina. (on paper)
Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? the Uterus(womb) is the chamber of the female reproductive tract in which the embryo undergoes much of its development.
What is another name for the fallopian tube? oviduct
Where does fertilization take place? takes place in the oviduct
What is ovulation? the mature ovum contained in the follicles bursts out and migrates down the oviduct.
What is the follicle converted to? Corpus Luteum
What happens during the flow phase? hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
What happens during the follicular phase? the developing follicles enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
What happens during the luteal phase? a hormone from piturtary converts the follicle to the corpus luthem.
What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? the flow phase in which the uterine lining breaks down and bleeding occurs.
What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? FSH, LH, progesterone, estrogen
As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? increasing
When the follicle ruptures it releases what? egg
What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? progesterone
What is the rhythm method? a type of birth control where you guess when your not ovulating and have intercourse then.
What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? parents
What is menopause? What causes it? you stop having period. Caused by loss of Lh
When does fertilization occur? egg and sperm meet
When is a zygote formed? during fertilization
What is a placenta? tree of life

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Worksheet

What is the purpose of the reproductive system? the production of offspring
What is the function of the ovaries? produce ova and female hormones
What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus? fallopian tubes
What is the name of the lining of the uterus? endometrium
Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. fundus- top part, body- middle, cervix- neck-like portion that goes downward to vagina or birth canal
What is the female organ of copulation? vagina
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina. (on paper)
What is the male organ of copulation? penis
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? urine and semen
What are the two functions of the testes? production of sperm cells, and secretion of endocrine substance
What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? scrotum
Why are the testes located outside the body? keeps them outside the body so the sperm functions better
Where do sperm mature? epididymis
What is the vas deferens? small tube that connects epidiymis and ejaculation duct
What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? seminal vesicels
What are the functions of the prostate gland? secrets a alkaline fluid to keep the sprem mobile and protect them from acid from female vagina
What is semen? made up of sperm cells and seceretions from seminal vesicles
Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct. You guys will need to do this in paint. Sorry, but I am not there to get the drawings by hand. (on paper)

Human Development Video

1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA

2. Genes are located in the _DNA_.


3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? a thousand sperms a second.


4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? miosis


5. Most human cells have a total number of __46__ chromosomes.


6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? diversity


7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? fallopian tube


8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? muscular contractions


9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million

10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? must escape or die

11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? gasterolation

12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves and the brain is developing. the side of the face is a eye

13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 feets


14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 4 or 5

15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? if its a y it is a boy and if its a X its a girl


16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? 2 months


17. When does the placenta begin to form? in early weeks


18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? grow


19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? human brain is 3 to 4 times bigger, narrower pelvis

Digestive and Urinary Questions in Text

Pages 735 and 736Critical Thinking Questions:3
3. What effect is a before-dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Why are such beverages inadvisable for persons with ulcers?

Review Exercises: 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, and 25
1. List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal. stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2. List and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes., large intest., rectum
5. Define peristalsis. mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. para increases the activites of the digestive system, symapthetic are the opposite
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. enamel, crown, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva, alveolar, root canal, root, cementum
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. complex reflex that empties the stomach another way, irration or distension in the stomach or intestines can trigger it.

Pages 855 Review Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 16, 34, 36, 37, 40
1. Name the organs of the urinary system, and list their general functions. kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
3. List the functions of the kidneys. the main function of kidneys is to regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids.
9. Distinguish among filtration, re absorption, and secretion as they relate to urine formation. all work together to keep your body balanced
16. Define auto-regulation: ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow in spite of changing arterial blood pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. carries urine from kidney to bladder
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. kidney infection
37. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. stores urine until ready to be excreted
40. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male.

The Urinary System Worksheet

What are three functions of the kidneys? Filter all matter from the blood not just waste products. Selectively reabsorbed all substances that the body can make use of. Eliminates waste products in blood in the form of urine.
What is the protective layer around the kidney? peri- renal capsule
What is the outer layer of the kidney? cortex
What is the urine collection system of the kidney? medulla
What is the dilated end of the ureters called? pelvis
What is the function of the bladder? to store the urine
What transports urine in males? Females? urethra. the female urethra does not transport semen and thr lenght is 1.5- 2 ins.

The Digestive System Worksheet

1.What is the digestive tract? A long continuous tube with food first entering it at the mouth.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract?
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. (on sheet of paper)
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? The teeth and tongue begin the mechanical breakup of food and mix it with saliva.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? bolus
6.What triggers peristalsis? presence of the bolus in the esophagus triggers peristalsis.
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? Closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus
8.What is the mucous membrane? protective mucous coating which prevents digestion
9.How long is the small intestine? 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? small intestine
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function?

13.Where is bile stored? gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? grabbing of a tube tightly at various places around the middle and squeezing so its contents are broken into smaller pieces
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? when the food builds up in the small intestin.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving body until you make it
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans?
18.Where does digestion begin? mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? the pancreas
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? enzymes:
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.

Integumentary System Graphic Organizer

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Questions in Text

Page 579 Critical Thinking Questions: 6


6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythblastosis fetails? why or why not?


Review Exercises: 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 27, 38, and 39


3. Describe a red blood cell. a disc-shaped cell, lacking nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen-carry molecules hemoglobin.
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Red blood cell is made through bone marrow then is carried through the blood stream and travels through the organs then another sensor tells that more needs to be made.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin. absorbed from small intestine; conserved during red blood cell destruction and made available for reuse.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. they are not complete cells. they arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm--platelets-- into the circulation.
18. Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-desity Lipoprotein--- delivers cholesterol to various cells, including liver cells. High-density Lipoprptein--- transports to the liver remnants of chylomicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. damage to blood vessels, platelets release thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibinogen (soluble), and fibrin (insoluble)
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. because they have both blood types (im guessing)
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. they don't have neither A or B blood type.
Pages 647 and 648
Review Exercises: 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, and 36
2. Describe the pericardium. a covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart. the heart is divided into four hollow chambers, two on the left and two on the right. upper chambers are called atria and lower chambers are called ventricles. Valves are located between the right atrium and the right ventricles.ects.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heart. blood enters through atria and goes through the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries and goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium then last they go through the left ventricle.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. the sounds are due to vibrations in the heart tissue produced as the blood flow is suddenly speeded or slowed with the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers, with the opening and closing valves.
19. Describe the structure and function of capillary. Single layer of squamous epithelium. Function: provides a membrane through which nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways. they perform the function of blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body.
Page 818
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 5, 9, 16, 22, 23, 31, 35, and 36
1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system. enables cells to harness the energy held in the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. nose: provide openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity. nasal: a hollow space behind the nose, is divided medially into right and left portions by the nasal septum.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx. pharymx: located posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larymx. larymx: is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharymx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli. (a) right and left primary bronchi. (b) secondary, or lobar bronchi. (c) tertiary or segmental bronchi. (d) intralobular bronchioles. (e) terminal bronchioles. (f) respiratory bronchioles (g) alveolar ducts. (h) alveolar sacs (i) alveoli
16. Define surfactant, and explain it functions. is secreted continuously into alveolar air spaces. It reduces the alceoli's tendency to collaspe, especially when lung volumes are low, and makes it easier for inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each. coughing: deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis is opened, and a blastof air passes upward. Function- clears lower respiratory passages. sneezing: same as coughing, except air moving upward id directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula. Function- clears upper respiratory passages.
23.Explain the function of yawning. ventilates a larger proportion of the aveoli and aids oxygenation of the blood.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. breathing that is abnormally deep and prolonged.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood. oxygen combines with iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood. Increases temperature, increase carbon dioxide, and increases the release of oxygen as the ph blood decreases.

Basic Respiratory Worksheet

What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? nose and mouth.
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? warm the air and moisten the air.
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? the pharynx follows directly after the mouth and nose. the trachea is one of the two braches at the distal end of the pharynx.
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? it is located anterior to the esophagus and transport air just like the pharymx.
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? oxygen
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.
What is the main muscle of respiration? diaphragm
What happens when we inhale? Exhale? when the diaphragm contracts we inhale, and when it relaxes we exhales.
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs. (separate sheet of paper)

The Heart Worksheet

All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? stable cellular environment
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium

What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? atria The lower cavities? ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? pulmonary veins The right atrium? superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? pulmonary artery

Graphic Organizer of the Senses

Basic Eye Anatomy Worksheet

1. The eye is part of which nervous system? central nervous system
2. What types of tissues give the eye protection? the fatty and connective tissue

3. What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands
4. What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? conjuctiva
5. What is the cornea? the anterior portion of the sclera. The cornea is transparent so the light rays can enter the eye.
6. What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? retina
7. What is the function of the rods? The cones? Rods: night vision. Cones: daylight vision and color vision.
8. What is the colored part of the eye? iris
9. What structure allows light to enter the eye? pupil
10. Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina (above)

Baisc Ear Anatomy Worksheet

1. Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following: (above)

Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
2. What is the function of the following:
Pinna- cartilage flap that conveys sounds waves into the ear.
tympanic membrane - converts sounds waves into sound vibrations.
ossicles - three small bones which magnify sound vibrations
cochlea - contains fluid and changes sound vibrations into nerve impules.
semicircular canals - sends impulses to the brain to let it know your body is off balance.
3. What three bones make up the ossicles? - incus -stapes - malleus
4. What is the function of hairs in the ear? stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.

Basic Nervous SYstem Anatomy

1)What does CNS and PNS stand for? Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System!
2)What are the parts of the CNS? brain and spiral cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior.
3)Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls. carry messages through out the body.
4)What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control? Sympathetic branch controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear,and emergency. Parasympatic branch brings the body back to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
5)What are the three main types of neurons? sensory neuron, motor neuron, and interneuron! What is the function of each? interneuron only conducts within the CNS. motor neurons takes the impulse from the CNS to the foot for actions. sensory neuron conduct the impulse from the foot to the CNS.
6)What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
7)What is a synapse? simply the conduction of an impulse from one neuron to another.
-Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite. (above)

Skeletal or Muscular Graphic Organizer

Article on Steroids

The article is about how Barry Bonds getting on steriods. I think he was jealous of McGwire, because he was playing good ball and it was getting to Bonds. Bonds starting making remarks to people saying that McGwire was using juice which is another away of saying steriod. So then Barry Bonds started using steriod hisself to hit more homeruns and get bigger. His personal trainer Anderson provided him with the drugs. The steriods started having their side effects and caused Bonds to blow out his left elbow and he had spent seven weeks on the disabled list. Soon he pulled a groin muscle and was sidelined again.

My response to steriods are bad, because of the way Barry Bonds used them. He is an competitive person, he acts as if he don't want no one that played baseball when he did to get all the attention. He was jealous of McGwire when he was getting all the attention. He shouldnt have let nothing like that get the best of him. He should have already knew someone better than him was going to step in any day. People that use steroids the way Bonds did, dont have no respect for their self treating their body the way they do. They only time someone should use steriods is when the doctor has gave them a presciption for it. Other than that, i think it is bad!!

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet

1) What percent of the body is smooth muscle? 5% to 10% Striated muscle? 40%
2) Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each? Stroma protein constitutes about 1/5 of the muscle protein. It funtions solely as an inert structional element or skeleton, to hold the rest of the structures in place. Cellular protein also comprise about 1/5 of the muscle protein. Contractile proteins: myosin and actin, are essential for contraction.
3) What is a myofibril? consist of smaller myofilaments which form regular repeating pattern along the lenght of the fibril.
4) Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone. (above)
5) Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere. Thick filaments and This filaments
6) Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted. (above)
7) What is the sliding filament theory? the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
8) Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what? calcium ions

Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint? the bones that makes up the joint are united with the fibrous tissue
What is an example of a fibrous joint? the suctures which hold together the bone of the skull.
Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. two or more bones joined by cartilage. The vertebral column.
What type of joint essentially allows free movement? synovial joint
What lubricates a joint cavity? synovial fluid
For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
Plane joint - gliding, slipping, synovial, and slightly curved.
Hinge joint -two bones joined where the convex end of one bone fits into the complementary concave end of another.
Condylar joint - two articular surfaces on each bone, known as condyles. similar to a hinge joint, but also permits other kind of movement.
Ball and Socket joint - a bone with a spherical mass on one end joined with a bone possessing a complementary hollow depressions.
Ellipsoidal joint - permits movement in variety directions.
Pivot joint - the end of a bone moving within a ring formed by another bone and connective tissue.
Saddle joint - two bones joined each with a convex and concave surface that are complementary.

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet

Describe the 4 functions of bones. Protecti0n, Support, To Provide Muscle Attachment, and Blood Cell Production.
How many bones are there in the human body? 206
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division. The Axial Skeleton-(skull, clavicle, sternum, pelvis, vertebral column) The Appendicular Skeleton-(humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and fibula)
What bone makes up the upper arm? Humerus
What bone makes up the face? Skull
Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.
What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? radius
What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? scapula
What bone is also known as the shin bone? somewhere around the Patella
Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage. Picture is above!

Skin Structure Activity!!

Integumentary Study Questions in Text

Critical Thinking Questions (3,6, and 8)

3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation? deeper burns, you dnt have no type feeling.

6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when excercising in warm weather? Drink enough water while you are in the heat so you wont get hydrated from the hot air while you are doing your excercisings!!

8. How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? It allows your new cells to restore your skin.

Review Exercises:(4,5,6,8,13,15,16,22,25,27,28, and 29)

4. List six functions of skin excretion, heat regulation, control of evapotation, protection, absorption and sensation.

5. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis. g. epidermis: outer layer, thin, and divide into 2 layers. AND dermis: region of connective tissue, under epidermis and contain collagenous and elastic resilient.

6. Decribe the subcutaneous layer. under the dermis; fatty layer

8. List the layers of the epidermis. stratum lucidum, corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and germinativeum

13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. hair is outgrowth of proteins and hair follicles are the skin that grows the hair by packing cells together.

15. Describe how nails are formed. nails are made of a protein called keratin that is produced from living skin cells in the fingers and toes.

16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. they act to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked.

22.Describe the body's responses to decresing body temperture. the nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive, then the body heat is conserved and it rises back to normal.
25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color.
27. Distinguish among first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
28. Describe possible treatments for a third-degree burn. require medical treatment
29. List three effects of aging on skin. appearance, temperature regulation, and vitamin D

Body System Graphic Organizer!!

Cell-ebrity Squared Video

There are 5 basic life functions
Growth and Development
Respond to Environment
Nutrition
Reproduce
Respond to environment

All living things have certain things in common
Adaptation to their environment
Growth
Circulation
Sensitive to environment
Reproduction
Cells
The building blocks of life are cells.
All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans. 1.
Why are cells not the same? b/c they reflect the different functions they serve.
The first person to discover cells was Rober Hooke. He called them cells because they looked like monks' cells called cellula. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope.
The cell theory was created by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden.
The three main ideas in the cell theory are
Cells are the basic unit of life
All organisms are made up of one or more cells
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles _choroplast_ and _______________________________.
All animal cells are covered in a cell __ membranes__. The function of this is to maintains integrity of the cell, controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell, and provides for signal transduction.
The different parts of the cell are known as __organelles__. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is enclosed by a double-layered, porous membrane and contains DNA; the dense core of an atom that is composed of pretons and neutrons. The mitochondria are also known as the ___________________________ of the cell because their function is to release energy from food molecules and transform energy into unable form. Storage is the main function of the _vacuole_.
Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a _membrane_. Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located _necleoid_.
There are different types of transport used in cells as well. _Diffusion_ is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires _semi-permeable membrane __ and _solute_.
What is the difference between active and passive transport? active transport are cellular energy and passive transport are molecular
What organelle makes the energy used in active transport? osmosis
Is a virus a living cell? no
What is contained inside a virus? RNA and DNA
What is the only life function of a virus? reproduce

Study Questions in Anatomy Text

Chapter 1 page 29:

Critical thinking questions 2 and 4:

2.

4.
Review Exercises: Part A:2,4,6,7,11,13, and 14

2. Anatomy deals with the structures of body parts and Physiology considers the functions of these body parts.

4. movement- change in position of the body or of a body part. responsiveness- reaction to a change taking place inside ir ourtside the body. growth- increase in the body size without change in shape. reproduction- production of new organism and new cells. respiration- obtaining oxygen, using oxygen in releasing energy from foods, and removing carbon dioxide. digestion- breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used. absorption- passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids. circulation-movement of sunstances from place to place in body fluids. assimilation- changing of absored substances into chemically different forms. excretion- removal of wastes preduced by metabolic reactions.

6. water is the most abundant substance in the body. food refers to substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals {nutrients} in addition to water. oxygen is a gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air. heat is a form of energy. pressure is an application of force on an object or substance.

7.

11. homeostasis is the consequence of a self-regulating control system that operates by a mechanism called negative feedback.

13. the human organism can be divided into an axial portions, which includes the head, neckm and trunk, and an appendicular portion, which includes the upper and lower limbs.
14. ventral cavity- hollow place within the body including the thoracic, abdominal, and pekvic cavities. and dorsal cavity-a hollow space in the posterior portion of the body containing the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

Part B: 1 and 3

1. (a)stomach-abdominal cavity (b)heart-thoracic cavity (c)brain-dorsal cavity (d)liver-abdominal cavity (e)trachea (f)rectum (g) spinal cordventral cavity (h)esophagus-dorsal cavity (i)spleen- ventral cavity (j) urinary bladder-pelvic cavity

3.

Chapter 3 page 107-108

Critical Thinking 1

1. Osmosis

Review Exercises 2,3,12,13 and 14

2.

3. Cell membrane- the outermost limit of a cell, but it is more than a simple boundary surrounding the cellular contents.

12. (a)endoplasmic reticulum- a complex organelle composed of membrane-bound flattened sacs, elongated canals, and fluid-filled vesicles. (b)ribosome-composed of protein and RNA. (c) golgi apparatus- composed of a stack of half a dozen or so flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae. (d)mitchondria-contains a small of amount of DNA that encodes information for making a few kinds of proteins and specialized RNA. (e)lysosomes-"garbage disposal" of the cell, whose function os to dismantle debris. (f)peroxisomes- membranous sacs that resemble lysosomes in size and shape. (g)(h)flagella- enable sperm cells to move (i)centrosome-nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles (j)vesicle-membranous sacs (k-l) microfilaments and microtubes- thin rods and tubules

13.nucleus- cellualr organelle that is enclosed by a double-layered, porous membrane and contains DNA; the dense core of an atom that is composed of protons and neutrons.

14. facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that it can move molecules only from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration.

Chapter 5 page 167

Review Exercise 1,2 and 12

1. in all complex organisms, cells are organized into layers or groups called

2. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

12. Connective- Mostly have good blood supply, cells are farther apart than cells of epithelial, with matrix in between.

Organization of Human Body Worksheet!

1.Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy studies the structure that makes up the human body and Physiology studies the funtion of the structures that make up the human body.
2.Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell. cell, tissue, organ, system
3.In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what? study
4.What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior? Mucous
5.What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?
6.What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?
7.The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean? derm(skin)
8.The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?
9.Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function. Epithehial-covers the entire surface of the body. Connectives- supports and protects....ie bones, cartilage adipose(fat) Muscle specialized for contractions. Nerve-specialized for the conduction of neural impulse.
10.A cell is made of ____cytoplasm__ except for the nucleus which is made of _protoplasm_.
11.What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? fibrous
12.What is an organ system? interconnected parts that function together.
13.Name the five types of membranes and where each is located. Cutaneous (outer most layer) Mucous (all passageways that lead to the exterior of the body) Fibrous (all joint cavities {the shoulder, knee} also covers the outer surface of bones. Serous ( closed cavities and the organs that are in them)Fascia (superficial fasica and deep fascial)
14.What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?
15.The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of. Epidermis (outermost layer) and Dermis (corium) compose mainly of connective tissue and microscope organs.

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

root- adip english- fat ex- adipose
root- bio english- life ex- biopsy
root- capit english- head ex- decapitate
root-cephal english- head ex- cephaled
root-corp english- body ex- corpus
root-crani english- skull ex- cranium
root-dent english- tooth ex- dental
root-hist english- tissue ex- histology
root-later english- side ex- lateral
root-ocul english- eye ex- oculist
root-oste english- bone ex- osteoblast
root-phag english- eat ex- phagocyte
root-pleur english- side ex- pleura
root-quad english- four ex- quadriceps
root-stern english- chest ex-sternum
root-ab english- away from ex- abduct
root-ad english- toward ex- adrenal
root-angi english- vessel ex- angiograph
root-auto english- self ex- autograft
root-centiam english- hundred ex- centimeter
root-circum english- around ex- circumfle
root-dextro english- right ex- dextrad
root-epi english- upon ex- epigastic
root-ex english- out of ex-excision
root-inter english- ex-
root-non english- not ex- nonviable
root-otrtho english- straight ex- orthopedic
root-path english- disease ex- pathology
root-pseudo english- false ex- pseudopod
root-sinistro english- left ex- sinistrad
root-ade english-kill ex- abortcide
root-itis english-inflame ex- hepatitis
root- logy english- study of ex- histology
root- meter english- measure ex- pedometer
root- plasty english- formed ex- osteoplasty
root- scope english- examine ex- otoscope

Terms

1. Frontal plane- A plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions.
2. Sagittal plane-of the human body is an imaginary plane that travels from the top to the bottom of the body, dividing it into left and right portions
3. Transverse plane- of the human body is any imaginary slice made that cuts the body into top and bottom sections.
4. Medial- Pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body. Medial is as opposed to lateral
5. Superficial- nears the surface.
6. Superior- pertaining to a structure that is higher than another structure.
7. Inferior- situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of the part.
8. Anterior- pertaining to the front.
9. Posterior- toward the back; opposite of anterior.
10. distal- farther from the midline or origin; opposite of proximal.
11. Proximal- closer to the midline or origin; opposite of distal.
12. Flexion- bending at a joint to decrease the angle between bones.
13. Extension- movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint.
14. Pronation- movement of downward or backward.
15. Supine- position of the body, lying down with the face up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down.
Using terms defined in the anatomical position, the dorsal side is down, and the ventral side is up.
16. Abduction- movement of a body part away from the midline.
17. Adduction- is brings a limb – arm or leg- closer to the sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction.
18. Circumduction- movement of a body part, such as a limb, so that the end follows a circular path.
19. Inversion- movement in which the sole of the foot is turned inward.
20. Eversion- outward turning movement of the sole of the foot.
21. Elevation- upward movement of a part of the body.
22. Depression- downward displacement
23. Anatomical position- a body posture with the body erect, the face forward, the arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the toes pointing straight ahead,
24. Dorsal- Dorsal is an adjective, which means being at the back.
25. Ventral- pertaining to the front or anterior.
26. Interior- of something refers to the space or part inside of it, excluding any kind of wall or boundary around its outside. It has different, more specific definitions in different contexts.
27.exterior- outside: the region that is outside of something
28. Peripheral- pertaining to parts located near the surface or toward the outside.
29. Lateral- pertaining to the side

My Answers

1. blue
2. 3
3. no where
4. no where! i have to have another class
5. I like doing hair.