Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Questions in Text

Page 579 Critical Thinking Questions: 6


6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythblastosis fetails? why or why not?


Review Exercises: 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 27, 38, and 39


3. Describe a red blood cell. a disc-shaped cell, lacking nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen-carry molecules hemoglobin.
6. Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Red blood cell is made through bone marrow then is carried through the blood stream and travels through the organs then another sensor tells that more needs to be made.
10. List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin. absorbed from small intestine; conserved during red blood cell destruction and made available for reuse.
14. Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions. they are not complete cells. they arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm--platelets-- into the circulation.
18. Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Low-desity Lipoprotein--- delivers cholesterol to various cells, including liver cells. High-density Lipoprptein--- transports to the liver remnants of chylomicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27. List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot. damage to blood vessels, platelets release thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibinogen (soluble), and fibrin (insoluble)
38. Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient. because they have both blood types (im guessing)
39. Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor. they don't have neither A or B blood type.
Pages 647 and 648
Review Exercises: 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, and 36
2. Describe the pericardium. a covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.
4. Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart. the heart is divided into four hollow chambers, two on the left and two on the right. upper chambers are called atria and lower chambers are called ventricles. Valves are located between the right atrium and the right ventricles.ects.
6. Trace the path of the blood through the heart. blood enters through atria and goes through the right ventricle then moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries and goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium then last they go through the left ventricle.
10. Explain the origin of heart sounds. the sounds are due to vibrations in the heart tissue produced as the blood flow is suddenly speeded or slowed with the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers, with the opening and closing valves.
19. Describe the structure and function of capillary. Single layer of squamous epithelium. Function: provides a membrane through which nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid.
36. Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways. they perform the function of blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body.
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Review Exercises: 1, 3, 5, 9, 16, 22, 23, 31, 35, and 36
1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system. enables cells to harness the energy held in the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules.
3. Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. nose: provide openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity. nasal: a hollow space behind the nose, is divided medially into right and left portions by the nasal septum.
5. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx. pharymx: located posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larymx. larymx: is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharymx.
9. List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli. (a) right and left primary bronchi. (b) secondary, or lobar bronchi. (c) tertiary or segmental bronchi. (d) intralobular bronchioles. (e) terminal bronchioles. (f) respiratory bronchioles (g) alveolar ducts. (h) alveolar sacs (i) alveoli
16. Define surfactant, and explain it functions. is secreted continuously into alveolar air spaces. It reduces the alceoli's tendency to collaspe, especially when lung volumes are low, and makes it easier for inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli.
22. Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each. coughing: deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis is opened, and a blastof air passes upward. Function- clears lower respiratory passages. sneezing: same as coughing, except air moving upward id directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula. Function- clears upper respiratory passages.
23.Explain the function of yawning. ventilates a larger proportion of the aveoli and aids oxygenation of the blood.
31. Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. breathing that is abnormally deep and prolonged.
35. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood. oxygen combines with iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules.
36. List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood. Increases temperature, increase carbon dioxide, and increases the release of oxygen as the ph blood decreases.